← Apache HTTP Server: Configuração e Administração

Rewrite e Performance

Aula 4 de 5

mod_rewrite Avançado

Estrutura de RewriteRule

RewriteRule Pattern Substitution [Flags]

Flag	Significado
R=301	Redirect permanente
R=302	Redirect temporário
F	Forbidden (403)
L	Last rule (última regra)
QSA	Query String Append
NC	No Case (case-insensitive)
OR	Or (combina condições)
PT	Pass Through

RewriteCond - Condicionais

RewriteEngine On

# Redirecionar apenas em dia específico
RewriteCond %{TIME_WDAY} ^06$   # Sábado
RewriteCond %{TIME_HOUR} ^(08|09|10)$
RewriteRule ^/$ /manutencao.html [R=302,L]

# Baseada em User-Agent
RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} "android|iphone|ipad" [NC]
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ mobile/$1 [L]

# Baseada em query string
RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} (^|&)id=[0-9]+(&|$)
RewriteRule ^produto\.php$ /produto/%{QUERY_STRING:id} [R=301,L]

# Combinar condições (AND implícito)
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !^/index\.php
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ index.php?url=$1 [QSA,L]

# OR explícito
RewriteCond %{HTTP_COOKIE} theme=dark [NC,OR]
RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^dark=true$
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ dark/$1 [L]

Flags R, F, D

# R=301 - Redirect Permanente (SEO)
RewriteRule ^categoria/(.*)$ /produtos/$1 [R=301,L]

# R=302 - Redirect Temporário
RewriteRule ^promocao/(.*)$ /landing-page.php?prod=$1 [R=302,L]

# F - Forbidden (bloquear acesso)
RewriteRule \.(env|git|sql|log|md)$ - [F,L]
RewriteRule ^vendor/ - [F,L]

# NC - Case Insensitive
RewriteRule ^Produto/(.*)$ /produto/$1 [R=301,NC,L]

# QSA - Query String Append
RewriteRule ^busca/(.*)$ search.php?q=$1 [QSA,L]
# /busca/apache?page=2 -> search.php?q=apache&page=2

# PT - Pass Through (para outros handlers)
RewriteRule ^(.*\.php)$ $1 [PT,L]

mod_alias vs mod_rewrite

mod_alias (simples, direto)

# Alias - mapeamento simples de URL para diretório
Alias /manual /usr/share/doc/manual

# AliasMatch - com regex
AliasMatch ^/blog/([0-9]{4})/([0-9]{2})/(.*)$ /var/www/blog/$1/$2/$3

# Redirect - redirecionamento simples
Redirect /antiga.html /nova.html
RedirectMatch 301 ^/noticias/(.*)$ https://blog.exemplo.com/$1

Quando usar cada um

Situação	Ferramenta
Mapear URL para diretório fixo	`Alias`
Redirecionamento simples	`Redirect`
Lógica condicional complexa	`mod_rewrite`
Forçar HTTPS ou WWW	`mod_rewrite`
Manutenção (Redirect temporário)	`Redirect 302`

.htaccess e Performance

# Evite isso no .htaccess (lento):
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^www\.(.+)$ [NC]
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://%1/$1 [R=301,L]

# Prefira no VirtualHost (mais rápido):
# Mesmas regras, mas sem ler .htaccess a cada requisição

# Performance: AllowOverride None em diretórios sem .htaccess
# No VirtualHost:
<Directory /var/www/site/static>
    AllowOverride None
    Options -Indexes
    Require all granted
</Directory>

# .htaccess só onde necessário
<Directory /var/www/site/dynamic>
    AllowOverride FileInfo
    Options -Indexes
    Require all granted
</Directory>

Caching com mod_cache

# Habilitar cache
sudo a2enmod cache cache_disk cache_socache

# Cache por disco
<IfModule mod_cache_disk.c>
    CacheRoot /var/cache/apache2/
    CacheEnable disk /
    CacheDirLevels 2
    CacheDirLength 1
    CacheMaxFileSize 1000000
    CacheMinFileSize 1
</IfModule>

# Cache por shared memory (mais rápido)
<IfModule mod_cache_socache.c>
    CacheEnable socache /
    CacheSocache shmcb:${APACHE_RUN_DIR}/cache_socache(512000)
    CacheDefaultExpire 3600
</IfModule>

Compressão com mod_deflate

# Configuração completa de compressão
<IfModule mod_deflate.c>
    # Comprimir tipos MIME específicos
    AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE text/html text/plain text/xml
    AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE text/css text/javascript
    AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE application/javascript application/json
    AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE application/xml application/rss+xml
    AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE image/svg+xml font/ttf font/opentype

    # Não comprimir conteúdo já compactado
    SetEnvIfNoCase Request_URI \.(?:gif|jpe?g|png|zip|gz|bz2|xz)$ no-gzip dont-vary

    # Evitar problemas com proxies antigos
    Header append Vary User-Agent env=!dont-vary

    # Nível de compressão (1-9)
    DeflateCompressionLevel 6

    # Tamanho mínimo para comprimir
    DeflateBufferSize 8096
</IfModule>

Expires e Cache-Control

<IfModule mod_expires.c>
    ExpiresActive On

    # Default
    ExpiresDefault "access plus 1 month"

    # HTML/XML: sem cache
    ExpiresByType text/html "access plus 0 seconds"
    ExpiresByType application/xml "access plus 0 seconds"

    # Assets: cache longo
    ExpiresByType image/jpg "access plus 1 year"
    ExpiresByType image/jpeg "access plus 1 year"
    ExpiresByType image/gif "access plus 1 year"
    ExpiresByType image/png "access plus 1 year"
    ExpiresByType text/css "access plus 1 month"
    ExpiresByType application/javascript "access plus 1 month"

    # Fontes
    ExpiresByType font/ttf "access plus 1 year"
    ExpiresByType font/woff "access plus 1 year"
    ExpiresByType font/woff2 "access plus 1 year"
</IfModule>

# Cache-Control via mod_headers
<FilesMatch "\.(ico|pdf|flv|jpg|jpeg|png|gif|js|css|swf)$">
    Header set Cache-Control "max-age=31536000, public, immutable"
</FilesMatch>

<FilesMatch "\.(html|htm|xml)$">
    Header set Cache-Control "max-age=0, private, must-revalidate"
</FilesMatch>

<FilesMatch "\.(json)$">
    Header set Cache-Control "no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate"
</FilesMatch>

KeepAlive e MPM Tuning

# Verificar MPM ativo
sudo apache2ctl -V | grep -i mpm

MPM Prefork

<IfModule mpm_prefork_module>
    StartServers        5
    MinSpareServers     5
    MaxSpareServers     10
    MaxRequestWorkers   150
    MaxConnectionsPerChild 10000
</IfModule>

MPM Worker

<IfModule mpm_worker_module>
    StartServers        3
    MinSpareThreads     25
    MaxSpareThreads     75
    ThreadLimit         64
    ThreadsPerChild     25
    MaxRequestWorkers   200
    MaxConnectionsPerChild 10000
</IfModule>

MPM Event (recomendado)

<IfModule mpm_event_module>
    StartServers        3
    MinSpareThreads     25
    MaxSpareThreads     75
    ThreadLimit         64
    ThreadsPerChild     25
    MaxRequestWorkers   200
    MaxConnectionsPerChild 10000
</IfModule>

# KeepAlive optimization
KeepAlive On
KeepAliveTimeout 2
MaxKeepAliveRequests 100

Lab: Performance Tuning Completo

Configure um VirtualHost otimizado para performance.

# 1. Verificar MPM atual
sudo apache2ctl -V | grep -i mpm

# 2. Trocar para MPM Event (se prefork)
sudo a2dismod mpm_prefork
sudo a2enmod mpm_event
sudo systemctl restart apache2

# 3. Habilitar módulos de performance
sudo a2enmod expires headers deflate cache cache_disk
sudo systemctl reload apache2

# 4. Criar configuração de performance
cat << 'PERF' | sudo tee /etc/apache2/conf-available/performance.conf
# KeepAlive
KeepAlive On
KeepAliveTimeout 2
MaxKeepAliveRequests 100

# Timeouts
Timeout 60
RequestReadTimeout header=20-40,MinRate=500 body=20-40,MinRate=500

# MPM Event tuning
<IfModule mpm_event_module>
    StartServers        3
    MinSpareThreads     25
    MaxSpareThreads     75
    ThreadLimit         64
    ThreadsPerChild     25
    MaxRequestWorkers   200
    MaxConnectionsPerChild 10000
</IfModule>

# Compressão
<IfModule mod_deflate.c>
    AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE text/html text/plain text/xml
    AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE text/css application/javascript
    AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE application/json application/xml
    DeflateCompressionLevel 6
</IfModule>

# Cache de arquivos estáticos
<IfModule mod_expires.c>
    ExpiresActive On
    ExpiresByType image/* "access plus 1 year"
    ExpiresByType text/css "access plus 1 month"
    ExpiresByType application/javascript "access plus 1 month"
</IfModule>
PERF

# 5. Habilitar e aplicar
sudo a2enconf performance
sudo apache2ctl configtest
sudo systemctl restart apache2

# 6. Testar performance
curl -I http://localhost/assets/style.css
# Verificar headers: Cache-Control, Expires, Content-Encoding

Otimização de performance é um processo contínuo. Monitore os logs de acesso, ajuste os parâmetros MPM conforme o tráfego real e prefira configurações no VirtualHost em vez de .htaccess para máximo desempenho.